Gestational diabetes & diabetes in pregnancy
Ultra-processed Foods and Diet Quality in Association With Long-term Weight Change and Progression to Type 2 Diabetes Among Individuals With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus—A Prospective Study
Authors' conclusion
In women with a history of GDM, UPF consumption was associated with weight gain and higher T2D risk, even among those with higher diet quality.
Study context
- Population
- Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), Nurses' Health Study II (1991–2021)
- Participants
- 4,207 women
- Exposure
- Ultra-processed food (UPF) intake quartiles
- Outcome
- Long-term weight change and progression to T2D
Methodological detailstime-updated cumulative averages, generalized estimating equations, Cox regression
- Time-updated cumulative averages
- Generalized estimating equations
- Cox regression
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
T2D risk by habitual UPF intake
Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)P value
Q2vs Q1
1.07(0.87–1.32)
Q3vs Q1
1.25(1.03–1.53)
Q4vs Q1
1.20(0.99–1.46)
P = 0.04for trend- T2D developed
- 1,040 participants
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Weight change with increased UPF consumption (quartiles of change) · greater weight gain with increased UPF
P for trend < 0.0001
- Weight change with increased UPF consumption (quartiles of change): Generalized estimating equations (GEE) analysis, n = 3,781
Associations in women with higher AHEI scores
- Associations persisted in women with higher AHEI scores
Joint UPF and AHEI modelling · 4 years
- Only women with stable or decreased UPF intake and increased AHEI achieved 4-year weight maintenance
Parts of this Brief are withheld: the automatic checks could not confirm them against the abstract.
Original publication
Ultra-processed Foods and Diet Quality in Association With Long-term Weight Change and Progression to Type 2 Diabetes Among Individuals With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus—A Prospective Study. Diabetes Care. Published 18 August 2025. doi:10.
Composed by AI from the published abstract and checked against it. How Briefs are made →