Gestational diabetes & diabetes in pregnancy
Inflammatory and Insulinemic Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Study of 84,174 Person-Years of Follow-up
Authors' conclusion
Among women with a history of GDM, those with greater dietary inflammatory and insulinemic potential were found to be at a higher risk of T2D and to have unfavorable cardiometabolic profiles.
Study context
- Population
- Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the Nurses' Health Study II, followed 1991–2019
- Participants
- 4,318 women84,174 person-years
- Exposure
- Highest vs lowest quintile of empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) and empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) scores
- Outcome
- Incident T2D
Methodological detailsNurses' Health Study II
- Nurses' Health Study II
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
T2D risk
Each group vs lowest quintileEstimate (95% CI)P value
Highest quintile
adjusted HR (EDIP) 1.32(1.06–1.64)
P < 0.05for trendHighest quintile
adjusted HR (EDIH) 1.44(1.14–1.82)
P < 0.05for trend- Women developing T2D
- 1,037
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Cardiometabolic biomarkers (subset free of T2D at blood collection)
- Higher EDIP significantly associated with higher insulin and lower HDL-C
- EDIH significantly positively associated with insulin and C-peptide
Original publication
Inflammatory and Insulinemic Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Study of 84,174 Person-Years of Follow-up. Diabetes Care. Published 14 November 2025. doi:10.
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