Glucose Responses to Aerobic Exercise Are Influenced by Glucose Levels before the Exercise and Menstrual Cycle Phase in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes on Multiple Daily Insulin Injections
Authors' conclusion
Glucose response to exercise in T1D is highly variable and influenced by pre-exercise glycemia, sex, fitness level, and menstrual cycle phase. Women, particularly during the luteal phase, demonstrated more stable glycemic responses. These findings support the need for individualized exercise recommendations and for integrating physiological and behavioral factors into predictive models for automated insulin dosing and exercise guidance in T1D.
Study context
- Population
- Adults with T1D treated with MDI performing moderate-intensity, 30-min aerobic exercise sessions; females in both follicular and luteal phases51 sessions
Methodological detailsclustering using k-medoids and Dynamic Time Warping, 17 male, 34 female sessions
- Clustering using k-medoids and Dynamic Time Warping
- 17 male, 34 female sessions
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
Glucose response patterns during exercise
- Two distinct glucose response patterns emerged: descending and stable
- Higher pre-exercise glucose associated with greater glucose decline and increased hypoglycemia risk, particularly in men
- Female participants more frequently exhibited stable glucose profiles, particularly during the luteal phase
- Fitter individuals, particularly women, more likely to exhibit stable glucose trends
- Pre-exercise glucose was the strongest predictor of response
- Menstrual cycle phase had a modest but noticeable effect on glucose dynamics
Original publication
Glucose Responses to Aerobic Exercise Are Influenced by Glucose Levels before the Exercise and Menstrual Cycle Phase in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes on Multiple Daily Insulin Injections. Diabetes Technol Ther. Published 19 November 2025. doi:10.
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