Trends in global risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Evidence from the global burden of disease study, 1990–2021
Authors' conclusion
Our analysis identifies high BMI, ambient air pollution and physical inactivity as the primary risk drivers of the global T2DM burden. All indicators increased most markedly in low-middle SDI regions, with substantial disparities across age and sex groups. These findings underscore the need for risk-specific and region-tailored preventive strategies.
Study context
- Population
- 204 countries stratified by sociodemographic index (SDI), Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data 1990–2021204 countries
Methodological detailsjoinpoint regression, Bayesian meta-regression, spatiotemporal analysis
- Joinpoint regression
- Bayesian meta-regression
- Spatiotemporal analysis
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
Global age-standardized T2DM incidence rate increased (AAPC)
1.83%
Global mortality slightly increased (AAPC); declined in high-SDI regions
0.30%
Deaths attributable to high body mass index (BMI), 2021
44.5%
95% UI 19.0%–65.2%
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI, 2021
51.9%
95% UI 24.7%–71.5%
Further findings
Burden by age
- Burden highest in middle-aged and elderly populations, with a concerning increase in adolescent cases
Dietary risks and air pollution by SDI
- Contribution of dietary risks and air pollution varied significantly across SDI regions
Original publication
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