The Role and Regulation of Intramuscular Sex Hormones in Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review
Authors' conclusion
Current evidence suggests that aging and exercise differentially modulate intramuscular sex hormone concentrations, and their association with muscle mass and function, between males and females and model systems.
Study context
- Population
- Studies measuring intramuscular sex hormones in rodents or healthy males and females free from any hormonal treatment13 studies
- Outcome
- Intramuscular sex hormones: aging, exercise, and association with muscle mass and function
Methodological details4 databases searched
- 4 databases searched
Pooled result
As reported in the abstract
- Intramuscular testosterone reduced in older vs younger males
- Pre- vs postmenopausal females: inconclusive findings
- Chronic exercise decreased androgens and estradiol in females but increased androgens in males
- Acute exercise did not change intramuscular hormone concentrations in humans but increased them in rodents
- Intramuscular androgens positively associated with muscle mass and strength in males
- Females: conflicting findings for estradiol and androgens and muscle mass and function
Original publication
The Role and Regulation of Intramuscular Sex Hormones in Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Published 18 March 2025. doi:10.
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