Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy and Depressive Symptoms Among Transgender Adults
Main finding · Moderate-to-severe depressive symptomsResult — go to the resultAdjusted risk ratio 0.85 95% CI 0.75–0.98Authors' conclusion
In this longitudinal observational cohort study, GAHT was associated with lower rates of moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms, highlighting the importance of gender-affirming primary care models for TGD patients.
Study context
- Population
- TGD adults aged ≥18 years attending federally qualified community health centers in Boston and New York, 2016–2019; median age 28 years, 52.1% below federal poverty level20,320 observations
- Participants
- 3,592 adults
- Exposure
- Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) within the year vs no GAHT during the year
- Outcome
- Patient-reported moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥10 or PHQ-2 ≥3)
- Follow-up
- Over (48 months)
Methodological detailslongitudinal, multicentre, generalized estimating equations (GEE) with multiple imputation, adjusted for age, gender identity, race and ethnicity, health insurance, federal poverty level, HIV serostatus, number of cohort years, and clinical site
- Longitudinal
- Multicentre
- GEE with multiple imputation
- Adjusted for age, gender identity, race and ethnicity, health insurance, federal poverty level, HIV serostatus, number of cohort years, and clinical site
Main finding
Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms · over follow-up
Adjusted risk ratio
0.85
95% CI 0.75–0.98
GAHTvs No GAHT
adjusted risk ratio 0.85 (95% CI 0.75–0.98)
As reported in the abstract
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Baseline characteristics
- Prescribed GAHT at baseline
- 84.5%
- Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms at baseline
- 15.3%
Original publication
Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy and Depressive Symptoms Among Transgender Adults. JAMA Netw Open. Published 3 March 2025. doi:10.
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