Long-term exposure to PM1 and thyroid diseases in China
Authors' conclusion
PM1 exposure is associated with thyroid diseases, particularly AIT and TgAb positivity, with iodine status playing a modifying role. PM1 may be a key factor in PM2.5-related thyroid disease risk. Further prospective cohort studies are warranted to validate these findings.
Study context
- Population
- Adults across 31 Chinese provinces; thyroid disease assessed by thyroid function tests
- Participants
- 73,900 adults
- Exposure
- Higher vs lower long-term PM1 exposure
- Outcome
- Prevalence of thyroid diseases associated with PM1 exposure
Methodological details31 Chinese provinces, high-resolution spatial-temporal extremity tree model for PM1 and PM2.5 estimation, multivariate-adjusted ORs
- 31 Chinese provinces
- High-resolution spatial-temporal extremity tree model for PM1 and PM2.5 estimation
- Multivariate-adjusted ORs
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Thyroid disease prevalence by PM1 exposure
- Higher PM1 exposure significantly linked to increased prevalence of thyroid diseases, incl. overt hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) and TgAb positivity
- Linear dose-response between PM1 concentration and both AIT and TgAb positivity
- Significant association between PM1 exposure and autoimmune overt hypothyroidism
- Multivariate-adjusted ORs
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Effect modification by iodine status
- Iodine status significantly influenced PM1's effects; lower levels enhanced susceptibility
Overt hypothyroidism per 1% increase in PM1/PM2.5 ratio
- OR
- 1.03 (95% CI 1.03-1.04)
SCH per 1% increase in PM1/PM2.5 ratio
- OR
- 1.03 (95% CI 1.03-1.04)
Original publication
Long-term exposure to PM1 and thyroid diseases in China. Eur Thyroid J. Published 28 July 2025. doi:10.
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