Glycaemic Control by Sociodemographic Factors in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes in England: Trends From 2007–2008 to 2023–2024
Authors' conclusion
Although HbA1c improved overall, inequalities by age and deprivation widened
Study context
- Population
- Adults aged ≥20 years with T1D in England, National Diabetes Audit
- Participants
- 133,035 vs 226,005
- Exposure
- Trends 2007-2008 vs 2023-2024, by age, sex, ethnicity and deprivation
- 2007-2008n = 133,035reference
- 2023-2024n = 226,005
- Outcome
- Trends in mean HbA1c and HbA1c ≤58 mmol/mol (≤7.5%)
Methodological detailsnational audit data, linear mixed-effects models, logistic regression
- National audit data
- Linear mixed-effects models
- Logistic regression
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
| Group | Value | Mean HbA1c |
|---|---|---|
| 2007-2008 | 32.6% | 68.8 (95% CI: 68.6-69.0) |
| 2023-2024 | 39.1% | 66.2 mmol/mol (95% CI: 66.1-66.3) |
Value
2007-200832.6%
2023-202439.1%
Mean HbA1c
2007-200868.8 (95% CI: 68.6-69.0)
2023-202466.2 mmol/mol (95% CI: 66.1-66.3)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Percent
Women
38.4%(95% CI 38.0–39.4)
Men
38.7%(95% CI 38.2–39.3)
Mean
Black
72.1 (95% CI 71.5–72.7) mmol/mol
Asian
69.8 (95% CI 69.4–70.2) mmol/mol
White
65.3 (95% CI 65.1–65.5) mmol/mol
Percent
Least deprived
46.4%(95% CI 45.6–47.2)
Most deprived
32.3%(95% CI 31.4–33.9)
Mean HbA1c by age · 2007-2008 to 2023-2024
- Aged 20-24 years: from 76.7 to 70.1 mmol/mol
- P < 0.001
- Aged >64 years: non-significant increase from 63.7 to 63.8 mmol/mol
- P = 0.203
Mean HbA1c by sex · 2007-2008 to 2023-2024
- Women: from 69.4 to 66.1 mmol/mol
- P < 0.001
- Men: from 68.4 to 65.8 mmol/mol
- P < 0.001
Original publication
Glycaemic Control by Sociodemographic Factors in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes in England: Trends From 2007–2008 to 2023–2024. Diabetes Obes Metab. Published 1 June 2026. doi:10.
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