Mind the gap: Ongoing inequalities in glycaemic levels in young people living with Type 1 diabetes across England and Wales
Authors' conclusion
Ethnicity and SES remained significantly associated with HbA1c levels even after accounting for the use of insulin pumps. Black CYP continue to have the highest glycaemic levels, and lower SES remains associated with poorer HbA1c outcomes.
Study context
- Population
- Children and young people (CYP) with T1D in England and Wales, 2022–2023 National Paediatric Diabetes Audit (NPDA)2,022–2023 NPDA
- Participants
- 27,919 children
- Exposure
- Ethnicity and socio-economic status groups; insulin pump use
- Outcome
- HbA1c by SES, ethnicity or insulin pump use
Methodological detailsnational audit, multivariable linear regression adjusted for age, gender and diabetes duration
- National audit
- Multivariable linear regression adjusted for age, gender and diabetes duration
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Mean HbA1c
Difference, mmol/mol (95% CI)
Blackvs White[0.6%]; largest difference among ethnic minority groups
6.8(5.7–7.9)
Most Deprivedvs Least Deprived[0.6%]; largest SES difference
7.0(6.4–7.6)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
| Outcome | Black | White | Most Deprived | Least Deprived | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin pump use by ethnicityBlack vs White | 34.2% | 49.56% | — not stated in the abstract | — not stated in the abstract | P < 0.0001 |
| Insulin pump use by deprivationMost Deprived vs Least Deprived | — not stated in the abstract | — not stated in the abstract | 41% | 54% | P = 0.0001 |
— not stated in the abstract
Original publication
Mind the gap: Ongoing inequalities in glycaemic levels in young people living with Type 1 diabetes across England and Wales. Diabet Med. Published 31 March 2026. doi:10.
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