Effects of Hypocaloric Low-Fat, Ketogenic, and Ketogenic and Ketone Supplement Diets on Aldosterone and Renin
Authors' conclusion
KD reduced weight and increased aldosterone without worsening cardiometabolic risk factors. Future KD studies are needed to elucidate mechanistic connections between ketones and aldosterone.
Study context
- Population
- Overweight and obese adults; median age 33 years, 51% female, weight 91.3 kg, BMI 30.6 kg/m²28 randomized + 12 low-fat diets (LFD)
- Comparison
- KD + ketone salt supplement vs KD + placebo vs low-fat diet
- LFDn = 12reference
- Primary endpoint
- Effects on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) (serum renin and aldosterone)
- Follow-up
- 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks
Methodological detailsrandomized 1:1, placebo-controlled, post hoc LFD arm, Linear mixed models with random intercepts, controlling for sex and BMI
- Randomized 1:1
- Placebo-controlled
- Post hoc LFD arm
- Linear mixed models with random intercepts, controlling for sex and BMI
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
6 weeks
- Aldosterone increase, KD + PL
- 88%
- Aldosterone increase, KD + KS
- 144%
- Log ketones positively associated with aldosterone
- P < .001
Further findings
Mean, kg
| Outcome | KD + KS | KD + PL | LFD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weight decrease · 6 weeks | 6 | 8 | 7 |
- Weight decrease — Weight decreased
- P < .05
Blood pressure
- Systolic and diastolic BP did not change in KD + PL and KD + KS
Aldosterone and cardiovascular measures
- Aldosterone not associated with cardiovascular measures incl. BP and ejection fraction
- P > 0.05
Original publication
Effects of Hypocaloric Low-Fat, Ketogenic, and Ketogenic and Ketone Supplement Diets on Aldosterone and Renin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Published 11 January 2023. doi:10.
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