Dietary intake of vitamins A, B, C, D and E and risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in genetically at-risk children: a prospective study from the Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) birth cohort
Authors' conclusion
High intake of vitamin C and vitamin E was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity.
Study context
- Population
- Children genetically at risk for T1D born September 1996–September 2004 in Oulu or Tampere University Hospital, Finnish DIPP cohort
- Participants
- 5,674 participants
- Exposure
- Dietary intake of vitamins A, B, C, D and E
- Outcome
- (1) Islet autoimmunity (repeated islet cell autoantibody positivity plus ≥1 of 3 T1D-related biochemical autoantibodies, or T1D diagnosis); (2) T1D diagnosis
- Follow-up
- 6-year follow-up
Methodological detailsgenetically at-risk children, 3-day food records
- Genetically at-risk children
- 3-day food records
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
- Developed islet autoimmunity
- 247 (4.4%)
- Developed T1D
- 94 (1.7%)
- Retinol, islet autoimmunity: HR per 10 µg/MJ increase
- 0.91 (95% CrI 0.86, 0.97)
- Vitamin C, islet autoimmunity: HR per 10 µg/MJ
- 0.70 (95% CrI 0.54, 0.90)
- Vitamin E, islet autoimmunity: HR per 0.1 mg/MJ
- 0.93 (95% CrI 0.89, 0.97)
- Retinol, T1D: HR per 10 µg/MJ
- 0.83 (95% CrI 0.74, 0.96)
- Vitamin C, T1D: HR per 10 µg/MJ
- 0.45 (95% CrI 0.23, 0.84)
- Vitamin E, T1D: HR per 0.1 mg/MJ
- 0.89 (95% CrI 0.80, 0.99)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Retinol and islet autoimmunity excluding 3-month age point
- Association not significant when 3-month age point (primarily breastfed) excluded
Vitamin D and B vitamins
- Weak inverse association for vitamin D and islet autoimmunity
- No associations for B vitamins
Original publication
Dietary intake of vitamins A, B, C, D and E and risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in genetically at-risk children: a prospective study from the DIPP birth cohort. Diabetologia. Published 19 December 2025. doi:10.
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