Gestational diabetes & diabetes in pregnancy
Diabetes in Pregnancy and School-Age Developmental Outcomes for Offspring: A Statewide Retrospective Cohort Study
Main finding · Overall developmental vulnerability (AEDC)Result — go to the resultAdjusted relative risk 1.02 95% CI 0.98–1.07Authors' conclusion
Diabetes in pregnancy was not associated with overall developmental vulnerability or a clinically meaningful difference in educational outcomes. This should provide reassurance for patients and their treating clinicians.
Study context
- Population
- Children with linked pregnancy/birth data 2009–2021, Victoria, Australia, linked with standardized national assessmentsAustralian Early Development Census (AEDC) cohort
- Participants
- 177,898 children
- Exposure
- Diabetes in pregnancy vs no diabetes
- Outcome
- Developmental vulnerability (below tenth centile in ≥2 AEDC domains) in first year of full-time school; educational outcomes (overall NAPLAN z score) in grade 3
- Follow-up
- Ages 4-6 years (AEDC); ages 7-8 years (NAPLAN)
Methodological detailsstatewide, population-level linked data
- Statewide
- Population-level linked data
Main finding
Overall developmental vulnerability (AEDC) · first year of full-time school (ages 4-6 years)
Adjusted relative risk
1.02
95% CI 0.98–1.07
Diabetes in pregnancyvs No diabetes
adjusted relative risk 1.02 (95% CI 0.98–1.07)
As reported in the abstract
- Exposed to diabetes in pregnancy, AEDC cohort
- 16,363 (9.2%)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
| Outcome | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Overall NAPLAN z score · grade 3 (ages 7-8 years)Adjusted analysis | 0.04 (0.01–0.07) | |
| −0.0500.050.1Difference (linear scale) |
- Overall NAPLAN z score — Exposed to diabetes in pregnancy, NAPLAN cohort
- 7,532 (6.5%)
- Overall NAPLAN z score: marginally higher with diabetes; below prespecified threshold for clinical significance
Original publication
Diabetes in Pregnancy and School-Age Developmental Outcomes for Offspring: A Statewide Retrospective Cohort Study. Diabetes Care. Published 21 July 2025. doi:10.
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