Gestational diabetes & diabetes in pregnancy
Maternal Diabetes and Early Neurodevelopment: Differential Milestone Attainment in Offspring by Diabetes Type
Authors' conclusion
Pregestational diabetes is associated with delayed milestone attainment, with risk varying by diabetes type, developmental domain, and infant sex. Further research should explore long-term trajectories to inform early intervention for children exposed to maternal diabetes.
Study context
- Population
- Term singleton infants born January 2018 to December 2021; developmental milestones from nurse-administered structured assessments at routine well-child visits through 24 months
- Participants
- 466,462 infants
- Exposure
- Offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregestational T1D and T2D vs unexposed controls
- Outcome
- Failure to attain developmental milestones (adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) by diabetes type and infant sex)
- Follow-up
- Through 24 months of age
Methodological detailsnationwide, linked national maternal-child health clinic and hospital discharge data
- Nationwide
- Linked national maternal-child health clinic and hospital discharge data
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Failure to attain developmental milestones
Each group vs controlAdjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)
T1Dfemale offspring; personal-social domain
1.64(1.14–2.36)
T1Dfemale offspring; language domain
1.44(1.09–1.89)
T1Dfemale offspring; gross motor domain
1.41(1.05–1.89)
GDMfine motor domain
1.11(1.06–1.16)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Original publication
Maternal Diabetes and Early Neurodevelopment: Differential Milestone Attainment in Offspring by Diabetes Type. Diabetes Care. Published 12 February 2026. doi:10.
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