Beyond glycaemic control: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3 as an emerging distinct entity rather than a mere comorbidity in paediatric type 1 diabetes
Authors' conclusion
APS-3a is common in the paediatric T1D population and is often diagnosed at its clinical onset.
Study context
- Population
- Children and adolescents with T1D diagnosed and followed up over 16 years
- Participants
- 439 children
- Outcome
- Prevalence of APS-3a (T1D + autoimmune thyroid disease)
Methodological details16-year follow-up, annual biochemical and autoantibody profile evaluations
- 16-year follow-up
- Annual biochemical and autoantibody profile evaluations
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Prevalence of APS-3a (T1D+AITD)
Prevalence of APS-3a
23.5%
Female predominance (P = 0.007)
54.4%
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
DKA at T1D onset
Type of autoimmune thyroid disease in APS-3a
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- 96.0%
- GD
- 4.0%
Coincident diagnosis of T1D and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD)
- Coincidence of T1D and AITD diagnosis
- 49.5%
DKA at T1D onset
- DKA frequency similar in the two groups
Overlapping APS-3 subtypes
- Celiac disease (APS-3b)
- 4
- Autoimmune hepatitis (APS-3b)
- 1
- Atrophic gastritis (APS-3b)
- 1
- Vitiligo (APS-3c)
- 1
- Psoriasis (APS-3c)
- 1
- Sjögren's syndrome (APS-3d)
- 1
Original publication
Beyond glycaemic control: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3 as an emerging distinct entity rather than a mere comorbidity in paediatric type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Published 30 September 2026. doi:10.
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