Gestational diabetes & diabetes in pregnancy
Association of Early Pregnancy Free and Total Triiodothyronine With the Subsequent Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors' conclusion
The increased FT3 and TT3 levels in early pregnancy were associated with a subsequent higher risk of GDM. These findings provide measures for early detection and potential prevention of GDM.
Study context
- Population
- Pregnant women with universal thyroid function test before 24 weeks of gestation; Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosed by 75-g OGTT3,073 GDM cases
- Participants
- 27,184 women
- Exposure
- Higher vs lower early-pregnancy free triiodothyronine (FT3) and total triiodothyronine (TT3) levels
- Outcome
- GDM risk by early-pregnancy FT3 and TT3 levels
Methodological detailsuniversal thyroid function test before 24 weeks of gestation, logistic regression, restricted cubic spline
- Universal thyroid function test before 24 weeks of gestation
- Logistic regression
- Restricted cubic spline
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
FT3 (continuous)
1.59(1.50–1.68)
TT3 (continuous)
2.80(2.46–3.18)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Associations by thyroid status
- Strong in euthyroid women, heterogeneous in mild thyroid dysfunction, lacking in overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
TT3 thresholds distinguishing subsequent GDM risk
- 7–12 weeks of gestation
- 1.5 and 2.0 ng/mL
- 13–23 weeks of gestation
- 1.6 and 2.1 ng/mL
Original publication
Association of Early Pregnancy Free and Total Triiodothyronine With the Subsequent Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Endocr Pract. Published 22 October 2022. doi:10.
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