Age at Menopause and Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Korea
Authors' conclusion
In this study, premature and early menopause were associated with a higher risk of T2D, highlighting the need for targeted public health strategies aimed at preventing or delaying T2D among postmenopausal women.
Study context
- Population
- Postmenopausal Korean women without T2D enrolled in 2009; mean (SD) age at enrollment 61.2 (8.4) years
- Participants
- 1,125,378 women
- Exposure
- Age at menopause <40 years and 40 to 44 years vs ≥50 years
- Outcome
- Incident T2D
- Follow-up
- Median (IQR) 8.4 (8.1-8.7) years
Methodological detailsnationally representative sample, Korean National Health Insurance Service database, multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression, Data were analyzed in March 2024
- Nationally representative sample
- Korean National Health Insurance Service database
- Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression
- Data were analyzed in March 2024
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Each group vs age ≥50 yearsHazard ratio (95% CI)
Premature menopause
1.13(1.08–1.18)
Age 40 to 44 years
1.03(1.00–1.06)
- Younger age at menopause associated with increased T2D risk
- P for trend < 0.001
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
| Outcome | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Incident T2D by BMI subgroup, premature menopause vs menopause at ≥50 yearsPremature menopausevs Age ≥50 yearsBMI <18.5 · BMI modified the association | 1.54 (1.14–2.06) | P < 0.001 | |
| Incident T2D by BMI subgroup, premature menopause vs menopause at ≥50 yearsPremature menopausevs Age ≥50 yearsBMI ≥30 · BMI modified the association | 1.14 (1.00–1.30) | P < 0.001 | |
| Incident T2D by depression subgroup, premature menopause vs menopause at ≥50 yearsPremature menopausevs Age ≥50 yearsWith depression · Depressive disorder modified the association | 1.28 (1.12–1.45) | P = 0.01 | |
| Incident T2D by depression subgroup, premature menopause vs menopause at ≥50 yearsPremature menopausevs Age ≥50 yearsWithout depression · Depressive disorder modified the association | 1.11 (1.07–1.16) | P = 0.01 | |
| Incident T2D by prediabetes subgroup, premature menopause vs menopause at ≥50 yearsPremature menopausevs Age ≥50 yearsNot prediabetic · Prediabetes modified the association | 1.25 (1.18–1.33) | P < 0.001 | |
| Incident T2D by prediabetes subgroup, premature menopause vs menopause at ≥50 yearsPremature menopausevs Age ≥50 yearsPrediabetic · Prediabetes modified the association | 1.04 (0.99–1.11) | P < 0.001 | |
| 0.512Hazard ratio (log scale) |
T2D diagnosed ≥1 year after enrollment, whole cohort
- Diagnosed with T2D
- 113 864 (10.1%)
Original publication
Age at Menopause and Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Korea. JAMA Netw Open. Published 2 January 2025. doi:10.
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