Ultra-processed foods and continuous glucose monitoring metrics in adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors' conclusion
Higher UPF energy content at the food level was associated with poorer CGM-derived glycemic outcomes. Food-level UPF measures may more closely reflect CGM-derived glycemic metrics than individual-level measures.
Study context
- Population
- Adults with T2D; two 24-hour dietary recalls (NOVA classification) and blinded CGM for 14 days
- Participants
- 190 adults
- Exposure
- Higher vs lower UPF consumption
- Outcome
- CGM metrics by food-level Mean UPF Energy (%)
Methodological detailsmultivariable logistic regression adjusted for demographic, lifestyle and clinical factors
- Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for demographic, lifestyle and clinical factors
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Higher Mean UPF Energy (%): OR for achieving time in range (TIR) > 70%, adjusted
OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38-0.92
Higher Mean UPF Energy (%): OR for Time Above Range (TAR) ≥ 25%, adjusted
OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.06-2.47
Higher Mean UPF Energy (%): OR for Glucose Management Indicator (GMI) ≥ 7%, adjusted
OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.03-2.35
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Original publication
Ultra-processed foods and continuous glucose monitoring metrics in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. Published 28 July 2026. doi:10.
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