Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Three Large Prospective U.S. Cohort Studies
Pooled result · T2D, highest vs lowest quintile of total UPF intakeResult — go to the resultHazard ratio 1.46 95% CI 1.39–1.54Authors' conclusion
High-quality meta-evidence shows that total UPF consumption is associated with higher T2D risk. However, some UPF subgroups were associated with lower risk in the U.S. cohorts.
Study context
- Population
- Women from the Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II and men from the Health Professional Follow-Up Study (U.S.); diet by food frequency questionnaires3 U.S
- Participants
- 71,871 / 87,918 / 38,847
- Comparison
- Extreme quintiles of total ultra-processed food (UPF) intake
- Nurses' Health Studyn = 71,871
- Nurses' Health Study IIn = 87,918
- Health Professional Follow-Up Studyn = 38,847
- Outcome
- Incident T2D
Methodological details3 large U.S. cohorts (NHS, NHS II, HPFS), Cox proportional hazards models, NOVA classification, NutriGrade evidence-quality assessment
- 3 large U.S. cohorts (NHS, NHS II, HPFS)
- Cox proportional hazards models
- NOVA classification
- NutriGrade evidence-quality assessment
Pooled result
As reported in the abstract
T2D, highest vs lowest quintile of total UPF intake
Hazard ratio
1.46
95% CI 1.39–1.54
Highest quintilevs Lowest quintile
HR 1.46 (95% CI 1.39–1.54)
- Person-years
- 5,187,678
- T2D cases
- 19,503
Further pooled results
UPF subgroups and T2D (U.S. cohorts)
- Higher T2D risk: refined breads; sauces, spreads, and condiments; artificially and sugar-sweetened beverages; animal-based products; ready-to-eat mixed dishes
- Lower T2D risk: cereals; dark and whole-grain breads; packaged sweet and savory snacks; fruit-based products; yogurt and dairy-based desserts
Meta-analysis: T2D risk per 10% increment in total UPF
- Higher T2D risk per 10% increment in total UPF
- 12% (95% CI 10%-13%)
- Participants
- 415,554
- T2D cases
- 21,932
- NutriGrade: high-quality evidence
Original publication
Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Three Large Prospective U.S. Cohort Studies. Diabetes Care. Published 28 February 2023. doi:10.
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