Gestational diabetes & diabetes in pregnancy
Breastfeeding Intensity and Duration and Growth Trajectories in GDM Exposed Infants: The SWIFT Study
Authors' conclusion
Higher sumLIR was associated with more favourable growth trajectories
Study context
- Population
- Singleton GDM-exposed infants born at a Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospital, SWIFT Offspring cohort (2009–2011)
- Participants
- 435 infants
- Exposure
- Higher vs lower summed lactation intensity ratio across the first year
- Outcome
- Growth trajectory class membership: weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ) and weight-for-length (WLZ) z-scores and skinfold thicknesses (triceps, subscapular, sum of skinfolds)
- Follow-up
- First year
Methodological detailslatent class mixed models, multinomial logistic regression
- Latent class mixed models
- Multinomial logistic regression
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Accelerated growth trajectory class membership per higher sumLIR
Higher sumLIROdds ratio (95% CI)
Accelerated WLZ growth, sumLIR at 1 mo
0.11(0.02–0.54)
Accelerated WLZ growth, sumLIR at 12 mo
0.84(0.75–0.95)
Accelerated WAZ growth after 6 months, sumLIR at 12 mo
0.91(0.84–0.98)
Per higher sumLIR, as printed
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Original publication
Breastfeeding Intensity and Duration and Growth Trajectories in GDM Exposed Infants: The SWIFT Study. Pediatr Obes. Published 7 August 2026. doi:10.
Composed by AI from the published abstract and checked against it. How Briefs are made →