Smoking timing, genetic susceptibility and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: A cohort study from the UK Biobank
Authors' conclusion
Our findings indicate that shorter time from waking to first cigarette is significantly associated with a higher risk of incident T2D.
Study context
- Population
- Participants without diabetes from the UK Biobank, non-smokers and smokers with data on time from waking to first cigarette9,937 incident T2D cases
- Participants
- 294,815 participants
- Exposure
- Time from waking to first cigarette categories vs non-smokers
- Outcome
- Incident T2D
- Follow-up
- Median 12 years
Methodological detailsUK Biobank, Cox proportional hazards models, fully adjusted model
- UK Biobank
- Cox proportional hazards models
- Fully adjusted model
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Each group vs non-smokersHazard ratio (95% CI)
>2 hours
1.46(1.17–1.81)
1-2 hours
1.51(1.21–1.87)
30-60 minutes
1.58(1.34–1.85)
5-15 minutes
1.86(1.57–2.21)
<5 minutes
2.01(1.60–2.54)
- Shorter time from waking to first cigarette associated with higher risk of incident T2D vs non-smokers
- P for trend < 0.001
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Incident T2D in light smokers with shortest time from waking to first cigarette
- 105% higher risk of T2D, comparable with heavy smokers; HR
- 2.05 (1.52-2.76) (95% CI)
Modification by genetic risk score for T2D
- Genetic risk score for T2D did not modify the association
- P for interaction = 0.51
Original publication
Smoking timing, genetic susceptibility and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: A cohort study from the UK Biobank. Diabetes Obes Metab. Published 15 April 2024. doi:10.
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