Persisting plasma proinsulin levels in a cohort of 482 individuals with long‐standing type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors' conclusion
In type 1 diabetes mellitus, proinsulin levels remain detectable long after diagnosis, also in the absence of C-peptide, implying the presence of stressed, yet alive β-cells.
Study context
- Population
- Individuals with long-standing T1D
- Participants
- 482 individuals
- Outcome
- Proinsulin and C-peptide levels by diabetes duration
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Correlation of proinsulin with anti-GAD antibodies (Spearman ρ; p < 0.05)
0.18
Correlation of C-peptide with anti-GAD antibodies (Spearman ρ; p < 0.05)
0.23
DR3/3 HLA genotype and complete loss of C-peptide
OR 0.34
95% CI 0.14–0.79
DR3/3 HLA genotype and complete loss of proinsulin
OR 0.44
95% CI 0.20–0.92
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Original publication
Persisting plasma proinsulin levels in a cohort of 482 individuals with long‐standing type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab. Published 14 July 2025. doi:10.
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