Optimal age, duration of diabetes and frequency of screening for diabetic nephropathy in children and youths with type 1 Diabetes: A systematic review
Authors' conclusion
Overall, findings support current international guidelines recommending screening from age 11 or puberty after 2-5 years of T1D duration, with intensified strategies potentially warranted for those with elevated HbA1 levels.
Study context
- Population
- Children and adolescents with T1D
- Participants
- 21,778 children36 studies
- Outcome
- Optimal age, duration of diabetes and frequency for diabetic nephropathy (DN) screening
Methodological detailspredominantly cross-sectional studies, Literature search 1995-2024 across major databases
- Predominantly cross-sectional studies
- Literature search 1995-2024 across major databases
Pooled result
As reported in the abstract
Moderate albuminuria prevalence
Moderate albuminuria prevalence overall
9.5 %
Further pooled results
Severe albuminuria
- Severe albuminuria prevalence (less frequent)
- 0.3-14.6 %
End-stage kidney disease and deaths
- Deaths reported
- 0
- End-stage kidney disease was rare
Risk factors
- Higher HbA1c (≥9%) strongly associated with increased nephropathy risk; limited data on blood pressure and other risk factors
Screening strategies
- No RCTs or direct comparisons of screening strategies identified; heterogeneity in definitions and diagnostic methods limited evidence quality
Original publication
Optimal age, duration of diabetes and frequency of screening for diabetic nephropathy in children and youths with type 1 Diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. Published 8 December 2025. doi:10.
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