Olfactory training improves cognition and modifies brain networks in type 2 diabetes patients with mild cognitive impairment: A 16‐week randomised controlled trial
Primary result · Change in MoCA scoreResult — go to the resultη2_p 0.190 95% CI 0.04–0.35Authors' conclusion
A 16-week OT regimen improves global and domain-specific cognition for MCI in T2D, alongside olfactory and neuroimaging enhancements. These findings support OT as a low-cost, home-based strategy for cognitive preservation in this high-risk population.
Study context
- Population
- T2D participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)randomized 1:1
- Participants
- 60 participants
- Comparison
- Olfactory training vs routine care
- Primary endpoint
- Change in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score
- Follow-up
- 16 weeks
Methodological detailsopen-label, 16-week
- Open-label
- 16-week
Primary result
Change in MoCA score
η2_p
0.190
95% CI 0.04–0.35
P = 0.001
Change by group
Olfactory training (OT)
+ 1.9
Control
+ 0.4
As reported in the abstract
Secondary outcomes
Domain-specific cognition
- Enhancements in visuospatial constructional, language and executive function with OT
Olfactory performance
- OT elevated overall olfactory performance
- Olfactory enhancement (Δolfactory total score) mediated global cognitive improvement (ΔMoCA) in mediation analysis
Neuroimaging
- Volume increases in hippocampal subfields and prefrontal hypoactivation during tasks
Metabolic parameters
- No significant metabolic differences between groups
Original publication
Olfactory training improves cognition and modifies brain networks in type 2 diabetes patients with mild cognitive impairment: A 16‐week randomised controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. Published 5 September 2025. doi:10.
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