Type 1 diabetes

Novel deuterium metabolic imaging technique reveals distinct patterns of postprandial hepatic glucose homeostasis in individuals with type 1 diabetes and healthy control individuals: a case–control study

DiabetologiaPublished Cross-sectional study

Authors' conclusion

By integrating DMI/13C-MRS liver imaging with systemic stable-isotope modelling, this comparative study demonstrates significantly altered hepatic glucose metabolism in adults with well-managed type 1 diabetes vs control individuals, together with substantial phenotypic heterogeneity within the type 1 diabetes cohort. These findings highlight the potential of non-invasive metabolic phenotyping to resolve metabolic alterations and inter-individual variation in type 1 diabetes, which are essential steps towards the provision of precision medicine.

Study context

Population
Adults with T1D and healthy control individuals with similar age, BMI and gender distributions
Participants
10 vs 10
Exposure
T1D vs healthy controls
  • Type 1 diabetesn = 10
  • Healthy controlsn = 10reference
Outcome
Peak hepatic D-Glc
Follow-up
Post-ingestion
Methodological detailscase–control
  • Case–control

Main finding

As reported in the abstract

P = 0.02

Observational data: associations, not effects.

Further findings

OutcomeHealthy controlsP value
Plasma glucose at baselineT1D vs Healthy controls · higher with T1D5.2 ± 0.4 mmol/lP < 0.001
Glycogen iAUC0-180 in T1D subgroups (hierarchical clustering) · 0–180 minSubgroup 2 vs Subgroup 1P = 0.04
Suppression of endogenous glucose production · T1D vs Healthy controls · significantly reduced suppression with T1D
P = 0.001
  • Plasma glucose at baseline: T1D 10.7 ± 2.3 mmol/l
  • Glycogen iAUC0-180 in T1D subgroups (hierarchical clustering): Subgroup 2 −3.0 mol/l × min
  • Glycogen iAUC0-180 in T1D subgroups (hierarchical clustering): Subgroup 1 2.5 mol/l × min
  • Glycogen iAUC0-180 in T1D subgroups (hierarchical clustering): net glycogen depletion in subgroup 2 vs accumulation in subgroup 1

Preprandial glycogen · baseline

Preprandial glycogen levels did not differ significantly between T1D and controls

Postprandial hepatic glycogen · 150 min

Clear glycogen increase in control individuals (iAUC0-180)
2.4 mol/l × min
Glycogen did not significantly rise at 150 min in T1D

Postprandial glucagon, systemic insulin exposure and glucose disposal

Similar systemic insulin exposure, no significant differences in postprandial glucagon, and similar insulin-dependent glucose disposal between groups

Glycogen iAUC0-180 in T1D subgroups (hierarchical clustering) · 0–180 min

Subgroup 1 had a steeper increase in hepatic and systemic D-Glc profiles; no overt clinical differences between subgroups

Original publication

Novel deuterium metabolic imaging technique reveals distinct patterns of postprandial hepatic glucose homeostasis in individuals with type 1 diabetes and healthy control individuals: a case–control study. Diabetologia. Published 13 February 2026. doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06677-7

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