Long‐term health benefit and economic return of time in range ( time in range (TIR) ) improvement in individuals with type 2 diabetes
Authors' conclusion
Improving TIR yields significant health benefits. We calculated feasible medical cost allocations for TIR improvements, informing the implementation of interventions like continuous glucose monitoring devices.
Study context
- Population
- Individuals with T2D identified using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; model parameters from literature
- Comparison
- Improved TIR scenarios vs TIR ≤50%
- Outcome
- Medical costs, QALY gained and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk
- Follow-up
- 20 years
Methodological detailsMarkov model, three-state Markov model, 20-year horizon, healthcare sector perspective, 2021 US dollars, willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds: $100 000/quality-adjusted life-years (QALY), $50 000/QALY and $0/QALY (cost-saving)
- Markov model
- Three-state Markov model
- 20-year horizon
- Healthcare sector perspective
- 2021 US dollars
- WTP thresholds: $100 000/QALY, $50 000/QALY and $0/QALY (cost-saving)
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
QALY gain and CVD risk reduction vs TIR <50%
| Outcome | >85% | 71%-85% | 51%-70% |
|---|---|---|---|
| QALY increase | 1.18 | 0.95 | 0.79 |
| CVD risk reduction | 8.75% | 6.24% | 4.91% |
Further findings
| Outcome | >85% | 71%-85% | 51%-70% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum annual cost of TIR improvement from <50% to be cost-effective at $100 000/QALY | $7252 | $4200 | <$1148 |
| Maximum annual cost of TIR improvement from <50% to be cost-saving | $5021 | $2816 | <$612 |
Original publication
Long‐term health benefit and economic return of time in range ( TIR ) improvement in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. Published 8 January 2025. doi:10.
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