Joint trajectories of skeletal muscle and fat mass in relation to glucose homeostasis: 6‐Year findings from adults aged ≥50 years
Authors' conclusion
High-FMI trajectories were associated with elevated baseline insulin resistance (IR), enhanced compensatory β-cell function in both sexes and faster IR progression in males, while SMI offered limited protection. Females exhibited a broader decline in insulin sensitivity, whereas in males, this decline was primarily associated with high adiposity.
Study context
- Population
- Community-dwelling adults aged ≥50 years, West China Health and Aging Trend cohort
- Participants
- 2,323 adults
- Exposure
- Joint SMI-FMI trajectory classes, per sex
- Outcome
- Associations of sex-specific joint SMI-FMI trajectories with glucose homeostasis (HOMA-IR and HOMA-β)
Methodological detailscommunity-based, sex-stratified group-based trajectory modelling, linear mixed-effects models
- Community-based
- Sex-stratified group-based trajectory modelling
- Linear mixed-effects models
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Five joint SMI-FMI trajectory classes per sex; HOMA-IR and HOMA-β
- Mean net annual Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) increase, males C2
- 2.63%
- Mean net annual HOMA-IR increase, males C3
- 2.55%
- Mean net annual HOMA-IR increase, females C2
- 1.65%
- Mean net annual HOMA-IR increase, females C3
- 2.62%
- Mean net annual HOMA-IR increase, females C0 (high SMI, normal fat mass index (FMI))
- 1.03%
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Sensitivity analyses (generalised estimating equations; excluding participants with diabetes)
- Sensitivity analyses largely confirmed these findings
Original publication
Joint trajectories of skeletal muscle and fat mass in relation to glucose homeostasis: 6‐Year findings from adults aged ≥50 years. Diabetes Obes Metab. Published 15 September 2025. doi:10.
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