Glycaemic, appetite and circadian benefits of a dairy-enriched diet with high-protein breakfast and early daytime-restricted carbohydrate intake in type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial
Authors' conclusion
A dairy-enriched diet aligned with structured meal timing enhanced circadian clock gene expression and improved glycaemic and appetite-related variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. These findings support a mechanistic link between dietary protein source, circadian regulation and metabolic health, warranting confirmation in larger, long-term studies.
Study context
- Population
- Adults with T2D and HbA1c ≥48 mmol/mol (6.5%), on stable oral glucose-lowering agents (≥3 months) or diet; Wolfson Medical Center, Israel19 completed both phases
- Participants
- 25 adults
- Comparison
- Dairy-enriched (YesMilk) vs non-dairy (NoMilk) isoenergetic diet with structured meal timing
- Primary endpoint
- Circadian clock gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- Follow-up
- 4 weeks
Methodological detailsopen-label, simple randomisation (coin flip), 3-4 week washout
- Open-label
- Simple randomisation (coin flip)
- 3-4 week washout
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
Clock gene expression, YesMilk vs NoMilk
Fold change BMAL1
+1.8 fold
P = 0.0003
YesMilk
Fold change REV-ERBα
+2.2 fold
P < 0.001
YesMilk
Fold change CRY1
+1.4 fold
P = 0.03
YesMilk
Secondary outcomes
Glycaemic variables under YesMilk vs baseline
- Fasting glucose reduced
- ≈1.7 mmol/l
- GMI reduced
- 0.7%
- TIR increased
- 9%
- All p<0.05
Hunger and sweet craving scores
- Hunger and sweet craving scores decreased
- 15-20% (p<0.05)
Original publication
Glycaemic, appetite and circadian benefits of a dairy-enriched diet with high-protein breakfast and early daytime-restricted carbohydrate intake in type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial. Diabetologia. Published 23 January 2026. doi:10.
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