Global spatial distribution and risk factor profiles of Co-occurring type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease across 204 countries and territories
Authors' conclusion
Global T2D-IHD co-occurrence showed obvious spatial heterogeneity driven by modifiable shared and disease-specific risks. Combined interventions for common risks plus regionally targeted strategies for unique hazards are essential to alleviate their combined global health burden.
Study context
- Population
- Adults aged ≥ 25 years across 204 countries and territories in 2021 GBDcountries and territories
- Participants
- 204 adults
- Outcome
- T2D-IHD co-occurrence patterns across countries and territories
- Follow-up
- 2021
Methodological detailsSHAP machine learning, negative binomial regression, population-attributable fractions, composite risk index
- SHAP machine learning
- Negative binomial regression
- Population-attributable fractions
- Composite risk index
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
2021
Consistent
36.27%
T2D-dominant
32.84%
Ischemic heart disease (IHD)-dominant
30.88%
Further findings
Key risk factors identified
- Six key risk factors: two shared metabolic risks (high body mass index, kidney dysfunction), one T2D-specific (high fasting plasma glucose), and three IHD-specific risks (low temperature, high systolic blood pressure, diet low in whole grains)
Population-attributable fractions
- Global T2D cases explained by cumulative exposure to the three T2D-related factors
- 22.98%
- Global IHD cases explained by the five IHD-related factors
- 56.22%
- Combined PAF of the six risk factors for T2D and IHD cases in consistent regions
- exceeded 70%
Spatial overlap of high-risk exposure areas with T2D and IHD hotspots
- High-risk exposure areas of these factors spatially overlapped greatly with T2D and IHD hotspots
Original publication
Global spatial distribution and risk factor profiles of Co-occurring type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease across 204 countries and territories. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. Published 9 November 2026. doi:10.
Composed by AI from the published abstract and checked against it. How Briefs are made →