Gestational diabetes & diabetes in pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes, the Human Milk Metabolome, and Infant Growth and Adiposity
An erratum to this article was published (JAMA Netw Open, 2 Jan 2025 ↗)
Authors' conclusion
In this observational cohort study, GD was associated with altered concentrations of several human milk metabolites. The associations between these metabolites and infant growth suggest that milk compositional differences in mothers with GD may beneficially moderate the growth and body composition of their infants.
Study context
- Population
- Mother-infant dyads planning to exclusively breastfeed ≥3 months, recruited October 2014–August 2019, University of Oklahoma and University of Minnesota (US)
- Participants
- 348 mother-infant dyads
- Exposure
- Gestational diabetes (GD) vs no GD
- GDn = 53
- Outcome
- Human milk metabolome (untargeted liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry); infant growth and body composition
- Follow-up
- 1 month post partum (metabolome); 0 to 6 months (infant outcomes)
Methodological detailsobservational, multicentre, Data analyzed July 2022 to August 2024
- Observational
- Multicentre
- Data analyzed July 2022 to August 2024
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Metabolites differentially associated with GD (FDR<0.05)
9 of 458 tested
Lower in women with GD: 4-cresyl sulfate, cresol, glycine, P-cresol sulfate, phenylacetic acid, stearoylcarnitine
6
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Maternal age
| Outcome | β (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Length for age z scoreSE, 0.22; greater with GD | 0.48 (0.04–0.91) |
Phenylacetic acid and length for age z score
- β
- 0.27
- SE
- 0.13
- 95% CI
- 0.02 to 0.16
2-hydroxybutyric acid and percentage body fat
- β
- −1.50
- SE
- 0.66
- 95% CI
- −2.79 to −4.82
Stearoylcarnitine and greater odds of rapid weight gain
- OR
- 1.66
- 95% CI
- 1.23 to 2.25
Original publication
Composed by AI from the published abstract and checked against it. How Briefs are made →