A First Exploratory Study of Glycemic Outcomes During Normobaric Hypoxia Simulating Moderate-Altitude Conditions in Men With Type 1 Diabetes Using Automated Insulin Delivery, With Biochemical Comparison to Healthy Individuals
Authors' conclusion
In this exploratory study, 48-hour exposure to normobaric hypoxia simulating an altitude of 3500 m a.s.l. was not associated with statistically significant deterioration in glycemic control in men with well-controlled T1D treated with the MM780G system, with the exception of SD, suggesting that the recovery phase rather than the exposure period may represent the higher-risk window.
Study context
- Population
- Men with T1DM on MM780G (mean age 40.2 ± 3.9 years; diabetes duration 22.3 ± 8.7 years; HbA1c 6.4 ± 0.6%), exposed to 48-h normobaric hypoxia simulating up to 3500 m a.s.l.
- Participants
- 12 vs 13
- Comparison
- Glycemic outcomes before, during and after 48 h normobaric hypoxia in T1D on MM780G; biomarkers vs healthy men
- T1DMn = 12
- Healthy menn = 13reference
- Outcome
- Glycemic outcomes with MM780G before, during and after simulated normobaric hypoxia
- Follow-up
- 48 hours
Methodological details48-hour normobaric hypoxia exposure, age- and BMI-matched healthy controls
- 48-hour normobaric hypoxia exposure
- Age- and BMI-matched healthy controls
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Glycemic indices across the three study periods
- Numerical difference only for SD, higher after the test vs the hypoxia period itself (exploratory analysis)
- No significant differences in other glycemic indices, daily carbohydrate intake, total insulin delivery or proportion of insulin as boluses (borderline significance); all changes within recommended glycemic thresholds
- Exploratory analysis
Further findings
Biomarkers vs healthy controls (IGF-1, E-selectin)
- IGF-1 at baseline and delta tended to be higher in T1DM
- Changes in E-selectin more pronounced than in controls
Original publication
A First Exploratory Study of Glycemic Outcomes During Normobaric Hypoxia Simulating Moderate-Altitude Conditions in Men With Type 1 Diabetes Using Automated Insulin Delivery, With Biochemical Comparison to Healthy Individuals. J Diabetes Sci Technol. Published 29 July 2026. doi:10.
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