Effect of Recombinant Human Granulocyte Macrophage-colony Stimulating Factor (rhGM-CSF) in Promoting Wound Healing via Macrophage Immunomodulation
Authors' conclusion
Our study suggested that topical administration of rhGM-CSF can promote the healing of both diabetic and nondiabetic wounds, which is partly attributable to promoting the transformation of macrophages to M2 subtype.
Study context
- Population
- Patients with diabetic lower extremity ulcers; C57BL/6J mice with full-thickness wounds
- Participants
- 48 patients
- Comparison
- Topical rhGM-CSF vs saline / control
- rhGM-CSFn = 27
- Controln = 21reference
- Primary endpoint
- Overall percentage area reduction
- Follow-up
- 1 month
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
rhGM-CSF
97.7
± 8.9 · %
P < 0.05
Further findings
- Wound healing rate in mice (topical rhGM-CSF)
- 2.53 · average · ± 0.25 · mm²/day
Wound healing rate in mice (topical rhGM-CSF)
- Significantly accelerated wound healing in mice
Angiogenesis markers (mice)
- Increase in CD31 and VEGFA expression after rhGM-CSF
Macrophage subtypes · day 5 and day 10 post-injury
- Significant reduction in M1 and increase in M2 macrophages with rhGM-CSF; M2a predominant at day 5, M2d at day 10
Original publication
Effect of rhGM-CSF in Promoting Wound Healing via Macrophage Immunomodulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Published 25 August 2025. doi:10.
Composed by AI from the published abstract and checked against it. How Briefs are made →