Gestational diabetes & diabetes in pregnancy
Dual Metabolic Burden of Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) and Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy: Impact on Neonatal Anthropometry: Insights From the Born in Bradford Cohort
Authors' conclusion
Both PMOS and GDM are independently and additively associated with lower foetal birth weight, with coexisting PMOS + GDM conferring the greatest reduction in neonatal size and adiposity.
Study context
- Population
- Singleton pregnancies, Born in Bradford cohort (UK, 2007–2011), multi-ethnic
- Participants
- 9,454 singleton pregnancies
- Comparison
- PMOS only, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) only and PMOS + GDM vs normoglycemic non-PMOS controls
- Primary endpoint
- Birth weight
Methodological detailsmulti-ethnic, multivariable linear regression adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI and ethnicity
- Multi-ethnic
- Multivariable linear regression adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI and ethnicity
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
Β (adjusted)
−123.9 g
P = 0.007
PMOS only
Β (adjusted)
−136.5 g
P = 1.8 × 10-9
GDM only
Β (adjusted)
−241.8 g
P = 0.046
PMOS + GDM
- Maternal BMI associated with birth weight, β (g/kg/m²)
- 19.3; p < 1 × 10-62
Secondary outcomes
| Outcome | Controls | PMOS only | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (PMOS vs controls) | 27.3 (SD 5.6) years | 25.5 (SD 4.6) years | P < 0.001 |
| Maternal BMI (PMOS vs controls) | 25.9 kg/m² | 27.9 kg/m² | P < 0.0001 |
Mid-arm circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness
- Infants of mothers with PMOS + GDM had the lowest mid-arm circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness
Original publication
Dual Metabolic Burden of Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) and Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy: Impact on Neonatal Anthropometry: Insights From the Born in Bradford Cohort. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Published 10 June 2026. doi:10.
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