Delayed maturation of the milk microbiome in women with type 1 diabetes
Authors' conclusion
Maternal type 1 diabetes is associated with delayed early maturation of the breastmilk microbiome. Early compositional differences in microbiota restructuring were also observed in the infant gut, partially mirroring the pattern in the milk microbiome; however, sustained differences in infant gut microbiota diversity were not detected. Further investigation could determine whether these changes affect development of the infant's gut and immune system.
Study context
- Population
- Women with and without T1D providing breastmilk from birth to 15 months postpartum; parallel analysis of infant stool
- Exposure
- Women with T1D vs women without T1D
- T1Dn = 69 pregnancies
- No T1Dn = 49 pregnanciesreference
- Outcome
- Milk microbiome alpha diversity trajectory (T1D status × timepoint interaction)
- Follow-up
- Birth to 15 months postpartum
Methodological details16S rRNA gene sequencing, seven timepoints from birth to 15 months postpartum
- 16S rRNA gene sequencing
- Seven timepoints from birth to 15 months postpartum
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
- Early increase in richness (birth to 1 week in No T1D) delayed in T1D to between 1 week and 3 months postpartum
- p=0.002
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Maternal genetic risk score (GRS), HLA, HbA1c or secretory IgA (sIgA) and milk microbiota diversity trajectories
- Not associated
Infant stool microbiome
- Alpha diversity did not differ between exposure groups; no evidence of delayed maturation
- Early compositional shift (beta diversity) and significant taxonomic changes between birth and 1 week only in infants of women without T1D; some taxa differed between groups at 1 week
Original publication
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