Impact of Autoimmune Hypothyroidism and Celiac Disease on Progression to Diabetes in Individuals Positive for GAD65 or IA ‐2 Autoantibodies
Authors' conclusion
Concurrent AH or CD is associated with accelerated diabetes progression in autoantibody-positive individuals.
Study context
- Population
- GADA/IA-2A-positive individuals without diabetes on a pooled screening assay, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Israel (2010–2024)316 in GADA subcohort
- Participants
- 363 individuals
- Exposure
- Autoimmune hypothyroidism (AH) or celiac disease (CD) vs none
- Outcome
- Incident clinical diabetes
- Follow-up
- median 5.8-year follow-up
Methodological detailstime-dependent covariates, adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status and baseline FPG
- Time-dependent covariates
- Adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status and baseline FPG
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)
AH or CD
2.55(1.40–4.64)
AH
2.85(1.00–8.15)
CD
2.41(1.21–4.81)
- Developed clinical diabetes
- 75 individuals (20.7%)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Incident diabetes with the composite of AH or CD, by age subgroup
| HR (95% CI) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Aged < 18 years | 3.08 (1.36–3.96) | P for interaction = 0.56 | |
| Adults | 2.10 (0.86–5.12) | P for interaction = 0.56 | |
| 0.20.5125Hazard ratio (log scale) |
Incident diabetes with the composite of AH or CD, further adjusted for GADA status (subcohort, n = 316)
| HR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Composite | 1.97 (1.06–3.65) | |
| 0.20.5125Hazard ratio (log scale) |
| Outcome | Values | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Progression to clinical diabetes by baseline glycaemic status · median 5.8-year follow-upDysglyceamic vs Normoglycemic | Dysglyceamic 35.8% · Normoglycemic 9.9% | P < 0.001 |
| Prevalence of AH or CD, progressors vs non-progressors | Progressors 21.3% · Non-progressors 10.4% | P = 0.01 |
- Incident diabetes with the composite of AH or CD, further adjusted for GADA status (subcohort, n = 316): secondary analysis; attenuated by further adjustment for GADA status
Parts of this Brief are withheld: the automatic checks could not confirm them against the abstract.
Original publication
Impact of Autoimmune Hypothyroidism and Celiac Disease on Progression to Diabetes in Individuals Positive for GAD65 or IA ‐2 Autoantibodies. Diabetes Obes Metab. Published 29 June 2026. doi:10.
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