Long‐Term Follow‐Up Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes and Associated Autoimmune Diseases in First‐Degree Relatives
Authors' conclusion
A single screening for T1D, CD and AITD autoantibodies combined with genetic risk scoring stratified long-term risk of clinically diagnosed autoimmune disease.
Study context
- Population
- Danish siblings of children newly diagnosed with T1D, DanDiabKids biobank 1997–2010; autoantibodies for T1D (GADA, IAA, IA2A, ZnT8A), celiac disease (CD) (tTGA) and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) (TPOA) measured once; T1D Genetic Risk Score (GRS) genotyped; registry follow-up to 20241,417 screened
- Participants
- 1,427 siblings
- Exposure
- IAab-negative vs single-IAab positive vs multiple-IAab positive siblings
- Outcome
- Progression to T1D, CD or AITD by islet autoantibody status
- Follow-up
- Up to year 2024
Methodological detailsbiobank-based, national registry follow-up
- Biobank-based
- National registry follow-up
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Disease incidence rate by IAab status
IAab-negative
0.11 per 100 person-years
Single-IAab positive
2.46
per 100 person-years
Multiple IAab
8.10
per 100 person-years
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
IAab positivity at screening
- Positive for IAab
- 7.8%
- Multiple IAab
- 4.6%
CD incidence in tTGA-positive siblings
- CD in tTGA-positive siblings
- 1.97 per 100 person-years
AITD incidence in TPOA-positive individuals
- AITD in TPOA-positive individuals
- 0.69 per 100 person-years
Genetic risk and autoantibody positivity
- Higher GRS and HLA DR3/DR4 haplotypes associated with autoantibody positivity
- P < 0.0001
Original publication
Long‐Term Follow‐Up Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes and Associated Autoimmune Diseases in First‐Degree Relatives. Diabetes Obes Metab. Published 6 August 2026. doi:10.
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