Clinical Value of HbA1c/ updated Glucose Management Indicator (GMI) Ratio in Identifying Early Retinopathy Risk in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors' conclusion
Among individuals with T1D, an HbA1c/updatedGMI ratio ≥1.05 is associated with higher odds of DR. Non-HDL-C and RBC indices are correlates of high glycation. These results underscore the relevance of HbA1c and updatedGMI discrepancy in cardiometabolic risk assessment, but cutoffs remain to be set.
Study context
- Population
- Individuals with T1D using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with concurrent HbA1c values; conditions affecting red blood cell (RBC) lifespan excluded
- Participants
- 411 individuals
- Exposure
- High vs low and concordant glycators by HbA1c/updated GMI ratio
- Outcome
- Time to first diagnosis of DR
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
High glycation associated with shorter time to first diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) (aHR)
1.60
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Secondary outcomes
Clinical factors associated with high glycation
- Non-HDL-C, RBC indices and metformin were associated with high glycation
Original publication
Clinical Value of HbA1c/ updated GMI Ratio in Identifying Early Retinopathy Risk in Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. Published 9 March 2026. doi:10.
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