Almonds vs. carbohydrate snacks in an energy‐restricted diet: Weight and cardiometabolic outcomes from a randomized trial
An erratum to this article was published (Obesity (Silver Spring), Jan 2024 ↗)
Authors' conclusion
An energy-restricted AED resulted in weight loss and weight loss maintenance comparable to an energy-restricted NFD, and both diets supported cardiometabolic health. The AED resulted in greater improvements in some lipoprotein subfractions, which may enhance reductions in cardiovascular risk.
Study context
- Population
- Adults aged 25–65 years with overweight or obesity (BMI 27.5–34.9 kg/m²)
- Participants
- 68 vs 72
- Comparison
- Almond-enriched energy-restricted diet vs nut-free control diet with carbohydrate-rich snacks
- AEDn = 68
- NFDn = 72reference
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
Weight change · Phase 1 (3-month energy restriction)
AED
−7.0
mean · SE 0.5 · kg
NFD
−7.0
mean · SE 0.5 · kg
P = 0.858
- Both groups lost weight during Phase 1
- P < 0.001
Further findings
| Outcome | AED | NFD | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weight change · Phase 2 (6-month weight maintenance) | mean −1.1 (SE 0.5) kg | mean −1.3 (SE 0.6) | P = 0.756 |
| Very small triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle concentrationMean, nmol/L | −31.0 (SE 7.7) | −4.8 (SE 7.9) | P = 0.007 |
| Small LDL particle concentrationMean, nmol/L | −109.3 (SE 40.5) | −20.7 (SE 41.6) | P = 0.017 |
| Medium LDL particle concentrationMean, nmol/L | −24.4 (SE 43.4) | −130.5 (SE 44.4) | P = 0.045 |
- Weight change — Both groups lost weight during Phase 2
- p = 0.009
Cardiometabolic changes in both groups combined · end of Phase 2
- Percentage lean mass improvement
- 4.8% [0.3%], p < 0.001
- Fasting glucose
- −0.2 [0.07] mmol/L, p = 0.003
- Insulin
- −8.1 [4.0] pmol/L, p = 0.036
- Systolic BP
- −4.9 [0.8] mm Hg, p < 0.001
- Diastolic BP
- −5.0 [0.5] mm Hg, p < 0.001
- Total cholesterol
- −0.3 [0.1] mmol/L, p < 0.001
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
- −0.2 [0.1] mmol/L, p < 0.001
- Very low-density lipoprotein
- −0.1 [0.03] mmol/L, p < 0.001
- Triglycerides
- −0.3 [0.06] mmol/L, p < 0.001
- High-density lipoprotein increase
- 0.1 [0.02] mmol/L, p = 0.011
- Mean [SE]
Original publication
Almonds vs. carbohydrate snacks in an energy‐restricted diet: Weight and cardiometabolic outcomes from a randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). Published 24 August 2023. doi:10.
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