A Comparison of Diet and Exercise During Pregnancy in Women With and Without Type 1 Diabetes Followed in the Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) Study
Authors' conclusion
Most pregnant women with and without type 1 diabetes did not meet dietary guidelines. Physical activity patterns were also mostly similar in women with and without type 1 diabetes.
Study context
- Population
- Pregnancies followed in the ENDIA study
- Participants
- 1,124 pregnancies
- Exposure
- Pregnant women with vs without T1D
- Outcome
- Diet and physical activity during pregnancy, compared between women with and without T1D and assessed against national dietary guidelines
Methodological detailsvalidated questionnaires
- Validated questionnaires
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
- Diets exceeded recommended intake for fat, saturated fat, discretionary foods, sodium, vitamin C, calcium and zinc, and were below recommendations for carbohydrate, fruit, dairy, vegetables, grain foods, and lean meats and alternatives
- Differences in dietary intake between women with and without T1D were modest
- Total, moderate and vigorous physical activity decreased in the third trimester
- Women with T1D performed less vigorous intensity activity than women without T1D
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Original publication
A Comparison of Diet and Exercise During Pregnancy in Women With and Without Type 1 Diabetes Followed in the Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) Study. Diabetes Care. Published 16 January 2026. doi:10.
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