Trends in Use of Obesity Medications and Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Among All of Us Participants From 2003 to 2023
Authors' conclusion
The declaration increased AOM use and, to a lesser extent, MBS use. Semaglutide approval increased AOM use but had no impact on MBS use.
Study context
- Population
- US adults (≥ 18 years) with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) or overweight (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m²) with ≥ 1 comorbidity for antiobesity medication (AOM), and BMI ≥ 35 kg/m² for metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS); All of Us dataset, 2003–2023
- Exposure
- Trends in AOM and MBS use relative to the 2013 American Medical Association (AMA) declaration of obesity as a chronic disease and 2021 semaglutide approval
- Outcome
- Trends in AOM and MBS use
- Follow-up
- January 1, 2003, to October 1, 2023
Methodological detailsinterrupted time-series analysis, national electronic health records
- Interrupted time-series analysis
- National electronic health records
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
January 1, 2003, to October 1, 2023
AOM rate increase after 2013
0.31%/year
95% CI 0.25%, 0.37%
Further AOM rate increase after 2021
1.42%/year
95% CI 1.16%, 1.68%
MBS use decline before 2013
0.10%/year
95% CI −0.15%, −0.04%
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
| Outcome | BMI ≥ 40 kg/m² | BMI < 40 kg/m² |
|---|---|---|
| AOM use increase after 2013 by BMI subgroup | 0.50% (95% CI 0.40%–0.61%) | 0.25%/year (95% CI 0.20%–0.30%) |
AOM use increase after 2013 by BMI subgroup
- Larger AOM increase with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m²; stable MBS use
Original publication
Trends in Use of Obesity Medications and Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Among All of Us Participants From 2003 to 2023. Obesity (Silver Spring). Published 25 February 2026. doi:10.
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