Risk Stratification Tools for Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review of Models Combining Ultrasound, Cytology, and Clinical Risk Factors
Authors' conclusion
RSTs integrating multimodal data may improve thyroid nodule risk stratification, particularly in cases of indeterminate cytology. However, methodological limitations and lack of external validation currently restrict clinical utility.
Study context
- Population
- Adults undergoing assessment of thyroid nodules; models incorporating clinical features, US findings and cytology, validated with histology7 studies · 5 risk stratification tools (RSTs)
- Comparison
- Multimodal risk stratification tools for thyroid nodules
- Outcome
- Diagnostic performance and clinical utility of RSTs
Methodological detailsrisk of bias assessed with PROBAST+AI, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane searched from inception to 04/13/2026
- Risk of bias assessed with PROBAST+AI
- PubMed, Embase and Cochrane searched from inception to 04/13/2026
Pooled result
As reported in the abstract
Diagnostic performance
| Group | AUC | Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thyroid Prediction Score (TiPS) | >0.9 | 96.2% | 97.5% | — not stated in the abstract |
| CUT Score | >0.9 | — not stated in the abstract | — not stated in the abstract | — not stated in the abstract |
| Thyroid Nodule App (TNAPP) | — not stated in the abstract | — not stated in the abstract | 27.5% | 50.5% |
AUC
Thyroid Prediction Score (TiPS)>0.9
CUT Score>0.9
Thyroid Nodule App (TNAPP)— not stated in the abstract
Sensitivity
Thyroid Prediction Score (TiPS)96.2%
CUT Score— not stated in the abstract
Thyroid Nodule App (TNAPP)— not stated in the abstract
Specificity
Thyroid Prediction Score (TiPS)97.5%
CUT Score— not stated in the abstract
Thyroid Nodule App (TNAPP)27.5%
Accuracy
Thyroid Prediction Score (TiPS)— not stated in the abstract
CUT Score— not stated in the abstract
Thyroid Nodule App (TNAPP)50.5%
— not stated in the abstract
Original publication
Risk Stratification Tools for Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review of Models Combining Ultrasound, Cytology, and Clinical Risk Factors. Thyroid. Published 6 May 2026. doi:10.
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