Perceived blood glucose regulation after menopause: a cross-sectional survey in women with type 1 diabetes in the Netherlands
Authors' conclusion
Approximately two-thirds of women with type 1 diabetes perceive changes in their glucose regulation after menopause, including subjective changes in the number of hyperglycaemic and hypoglycaemic events. Changes in perceived glucose regulation were associated with the severity of reported menopausal symptoms. These results highlight the need for awareness among medical professionals treating women with type 1 diabetes, as those going through the menopausal transition may experience changes in glucose metabolism, which can affect their diabetes management.
Study context
- Population
- Postmenopausal women (≥1 year of amenorrhoea) aged 45–65 years with T1D, the Netherlands; excluded: primary amenorrhoea, premenopausal hysterectomy or postmenopausal diabetes diagnosis
- Participants
- 159 women
- Outcome
- Extent of perceived changes in glucose regulation following the final menstrual period, five-point Likert scale
Methodological detailsonline questionnaire survey
- Online questionnaire survey
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
- Moderate to severe postmenopausal changes in glucose regulation
- 67.4%
- Perceived increased blood glucose levels
- 41.9%
- Perceived lower glucose levels
- 19.6%
- Perceived no change in blood glucose levels
- 38.5%
- More glucose fluctuations
- 55.0%
- Less glucose fluctuation
- 18.1%
- More hyperglycaemic events
- 61.6%
- More hypoglycaemic events
- 38.5%
- Fewer hypoglycaemic events
- 28.0%
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Mean
| Outcome | After final menstrual period | Before final menstrual period | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Menopausal symptom severity (GCS score), after vs before final menstrual periodMore severe after | 18.8 (SD 9.9) | 11.7 (SD 8.3) | P < 0.001 |
Association of postmenopausal symptom severity score with perceived postmenopausal changes in glucose regulation
- aOR per increase in symptom severity score
- 1.04 (95% CI 1.01, 1.08; p=0.014)
Poor sleep quality (global Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) score >5)
- Participants with global PSQI score >5
- 57.2%
- aOR of poor sleep quality for perceived glycaemic changes after menopause (95% CI 0.58, 2.08; p=0.731); not associated
- 1.10
Original publication
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