Maternal depression or anxiety during pregnancy and offspring type 1 diabetes: a population-based family-design cohort study
Main finding · Offspring T1D onset after 8 years of ageResult — go to the resultAdjusted hazard ratio 1.21 95% CI 1.03–1.42Authors' conclusion
Maternal depression/anxiety specifically during pregnancy seems to be associated with offspring type 1 diabetes. Paternal negative control and sibling comparisons indicate that the results cannot entirely be explained by familial confounding.
Study context
- Population
- Offspring born in Sweden 2002–2019, national registers
- Participants
- 1,807,809 offspring
- Exposure
- Maternal depression/anxiety during pregnancy vs no exposure
- Outcome
- Offspring T1D, defined through diagnosis or insulin treatment
Methodological detailsfamily design, paternal negative control, sibling comparison
- Family design
- Paternal negative control
- Sibling comparison
Main finding
Offspring T1D onset after 8 years of age
Adjusted hazard ratio
1.21
95% CI 1.03–1.42
Maternal depression/anxietyvs Unexposed
aHR 1.21 (95% CI 1.03–1.42)
As reported in the abstract
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Offspring T1D by maternal depression/anxiety only during pregnancy
- Exposure occurring only during pregnancy, aHR
- 1.24 (0.96 to 1.60) (CI)
Offspring T1D by maternal depression/anxiety only before pregnancy
- Exposure occurring only before pregnancy, not associated; aHR
- 0.91 (0.64 to 1.30) (CI)
Offspring T1D by paternal depression/anxiety (negative control)
- Paternal depression/anxiety, close to the null; aHR
- 0.95 (0.72 to 1.25) (CI)
Offspring T1D in sibling comparisons
- Sibling comparisons, point estimate above 1 with wide CIs; aHR
- 1.36 (0.82 to 2.26) (CI)
Original publication
Maternal depression or anxiety during pregnancy and offspring type 1 diabetes: a population-based family-design cohort study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. Published 20 April 2023. doi:10.
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