Ketone supplementation dose-dependently lowers postprandial blood glucose, lipid and ghrelin levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study
Authors' conclusion
Pre-meal ketone supplementation reduced postprandial glucose, lipid and ghrelin concentrations. These findings support the therapeutic potential of KE supplementation in the management of type 2 diabetes.
Study context
- Population
- Individuals with T2D treated with metformin monotherapy or lifestyle intervention alone, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmarkstudy 1
- Participants
- 14 individuals
- Comparison
- KE or ketone salts (KS) vs placebo before a mixed meal (study 1); KE doses and timing before an OGTT (study 2)
- Primary endpoint
- iAUC for glucose (study 1)
Methodological detailstwo crossover studies, participant-blind, single-centre
- Two crossover studies
- Participant-blind
- Single-centre
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
iAUC for glucose
Decrease
36 %
95% CI 14–57
KE · lower with KE
Decrease
22 %
95% CI 1–44
KS · lower with KS
Further findings
Postprandial NEFA, ghrelin and TG (study 1)
- Both ketone supplements lowered postprandial NEFA and ghrelin; KE reduced TG
Incremental AUC (iAUC) of glucose by KE dose and timing before OGTT (study 2)
- KE dose-dependently lowered iAUC of glucose, strongest when ingested 30 or 60 min before OGTT
- n=10
Safety
- Serious adverse events
- 0
- Transient mild gastrointestinal symptoms, incl. nausea and diarrhoea, reported
Original publication
Ketone supplementation dose-dependently lowers postprandial blood glucose, lipid and ghrelin levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia. Published 28 November 2025. doi:10.
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