Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors' conclusion
Our study found a high prevalence of CKD in T1D, and poor glycemic control increases the prevalence. Regular screening in T1D is necessary to reduce the risk of severe kidney disease.
Study context
- Population
- People with T1D in observational studies with ≥100 participants reporting chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence; databases searched from inception to 23 May 2025
- Participants
- 1,371,533 people19 studies
- Outcome
- Pooled prevalence of CKD in T1D
Methodological detailsrandom-effects model, MOOSE guidelines, No studies at high risk of bias
- Random-effects model
- MOOSE guidelines
- No studies at high risk of bias
Pooled result
As reported in the abstract
Overall pooled prevalence
22.3%
95% CI 18.9%–26.0%
Further pooled results
CKD prevalence by region
- Americas
- 27.0% (highest; 95% CI 21.8%-33.0%)
- Europe
- 19.4% (lowest; 95% CI 15.0%-24.7%)
CKD prevalence by age
- Adults
- 20.5% (95% CI 18.0%-23.3%)
- Adolescents
- 10.5% (95% CI 7.4%-14.8%)
- Higher in adults than adolescents
CKD prevalence by diabetes duration
- Duration ≥10 years
- 21.8% (95% CI 16.9%-27.7%)
- Shorter duration
- 16.4% (95% CI 15.5%-17.3%)
CKD prevalence by HbA1c
- HbA1c ≥ 8%
- 27.7% (95% CI 21.8%-34.6%)
- Better glycemic control
- 17.9% (95% CI 13.8%-22.9%)
- Meta-regression: significant association between CKD prevalence and higher HbA1c
Original publication
Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. Published 17 December 2025. doi:10.
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