Fasting appetite-related gut hormone responses after weight loss induced by calorie restriction, exercise, or both in people with overweight or obesity: a meta‐analysis
Authors' conclusion
Weight loss induced by CR, EX, or CREX elicits an increase in total ghrelin, but varied responses in other appetite-related hormones. The extent of weight loss influences changes in appetite-related gut hormone concentrations.
Study context
- Population
- People with overweight or obesity; Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs reporting fasting ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1 and CCK before and after weight loss127 studies
- Comparison
- Fasting appetite-related gut hormones before vs after weight loss induced by calorie restriction (CR), exercise (EX) or CREX
- Outcome
- Change in fasting appetite-related gut hormones (ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, CCK; total and/or active) after weight loss, as SMD
Methodological detailsmeta-regression
- Meta-regression
Pooled result
As reported in the abstract
Fasting gut hormones after weight loss (CR, EX or CREX)
- Total ghrelin, RCTs: SMD
- 0.55 (95% CI 0.07-1.04)
- Total ghrelin, non-RCTs: SMD
- 0.24 (95% CI 0.14-0.35)
- Acylated ghrelin, RCTs: SMD
- −0.58 (95% CI −1.09 to −0.06)
- Acylated ghrelin, non-RCTs: SMD
- 0.15 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.27)
- Total PYY, non-RCTs: SMD
- −0.17 (95%CI −0.28 to −0.06)
- PYY3-36, non-RCTs: SMD
- −0.17 (95%CI −0.32 to −0.02)
- Active GLP-1, non-RCTs: SMD
- −0.16 (95% CI −0.28 to −0.05)
Further pooled results
Hormone changes by intervention (CR vs EX vs CREX)
- Changes in hormones did not differ among the three interventions when controlling for weight loss
Meta-regression: weight loss and total ghrelin
- Greater weight loss associated with greater increase in total ghrelin
Original publication
Fasting appetite-related gut hormone responses after weight loss induced by calorie restriction, exercise, or both in people with overweight or obesity: a meta‐analysis. Int J Obes (Lond). Published 10 February 2025. doi:10.
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