Differential associations of somatic and cognitive-affective symptoms of depression with inflammation and insulin resistance: cross-sectional and longitudinal results from the Emotional Distress Sub-Study of the GRADE study
An erratum to this article was published (Diabetologia, Jul 2025 ↗)
Authors' conclusion
The results highlight the associations of depressive symptoms with markers of inflammation and insulin resistance, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, in individuals with type 2 diabetes. In particular, somatic symptoms of depression appear to be the driver of these associations, even after controlling for concomitant conditions, with a potential role for fatigue and issues with appetite.
Study context
- Population
- Individuals with T2D in the Emotional Distress Sub-Study of the GRADE trial; depressive symptoms by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) at baseline1,321 (HOMA-IR), 1739 (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)) analysed
Methodological detailscross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, Emotional Distress Sub-Study
- Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses
- Emotional Distress Sub-Study
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
- Cross-sectional: per one-unit increase in PHQ-8 total score, HOMA-IR increase (p=0.007)
- 0.8%
- Cross-sectional: per one-unit increase in PHQ-8 total score, hsCRP increase, not significant (p=0.283)
- 0.6%
- Cross-sectional: somatic symptom score, HOMA-IR increase (p=0.004)
- 5.8%
- Longitudinal: per one-unit increase in PHQ-8 total score, hsCRP increase over time (p=0.014)
- 0.8%
- Longitudinal: per one-unit increase in PHQ-8 total score, HOMA-IR decrease over time, not significant (p=0.564)
- 0.1%
- Longitudinal: somatic symptom cluster, hsCRP increase over time (p=0.017)
- 5.2%
Further findings
Single PHQ-8 items and HOMA-IR, cross-sectional · baseline
- Fatigue, HOMA-IR increase (p=0.002)
- 3.6%
- Increased/decreased appetite, HOMA-IR increase (p=0.009)
- 3.5%
Original publication
Differential associations of somatic and cognitive-affective symptoms of depression with inflammation and insulin resistance: cross-sectional and longitudinal results from the Emotional Distress Sub-Study of the GRADE study. Diabetologia. Published 14 February 2025. doi:10.
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