Dietary profiles and associated metabolic risk factors in India from the ICMR–INDIAB survey-21
Study context
- Population
- Adults in India, national ICMR–INDIAB survey
- Participants
- 18,090 adults
- Exposure
- Highest vs lowest carbohydrate intake; isocaloric substitution of carbohydrates with other macronutrients
- Outcome
- Metabolic risk, highest vs least carbohydrate intake
Methodological detailsnational survey
- National survey
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Each group vs least carbohydrate intakeEstimate (95% CI)
Highest carbohydrate intake
OR, newly diagnosed T2D 1.30(1.14,1.47)
Highest carbohydrate intake
OR, prediabetes 1.20(1.06,1.33)
Highest carbohydrate intake
OR, generalized obesity 1.22(1.07,1.37)
Highest carbohydrate intake
OR, abdominal obesity 1.15(1.01–1.30)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Replacing refined cereals with whole wheat or millet flour without decreasing overall carbohydrate quantity
- OR, T2D (not associated with lower risk)
- 0.94 (95% CI 0.57, 1.56)
- OR, abdominal obesity (not associated with lower risk)
- 1.08 (95% CI 0.66, 1.76)
Modeled isocaloric substitution of carbohydrates for plant, dairy, egg or fish protein
- OR, T2D, dairy
- 0.89 (95% CI 0.83, 0.95)
- OR, T2D, egg
- 0.91 (95% CI 0.82, 0.99)
- OR, prediabetes, dairy
- 0.82 (95% CI 0.72, 0.92)
- OR, prediabetes, fish
- 0.94 (95% CI 0.89, 0.99)
- Ranges across protein sources as printed
Original publication
Dietary profiles and associated metabolic risk factors in India from the ICMR–INDIAB survey-21. Nat Med. Published 30 September 2025. doi:10.
Composed by AI from the published abstract and checked against it. How Briefs are made →