Association between the glycemic risk index and peripheral atherosclerosis in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study
Main finding · More severe peripheral atherosclerosisResult — go to the resultOdds ratio 1.76 95% CI 1.15–2.70Authors' conclusion
GRI is independently and positively associated with the severity of peripheral atherosclerotic lesions in T2D and outperforms traditional glycemic indicators, especially in overweight individuals
Study context
- Population
- Hospitalized T2D patients, Second Hospital of Jilin University, October 2023 to October 2025; no-lesion, single-lesion and dual-lesion by carotid plus lower extremity arterial USno-lesion 88 · single-lesion 287 · dual-lesion 503
- Participants
- 878 patients
- Exposure
- Glycemic Risk Index (GRI) quartiles
- Outcome
- Severity of peripheral atherosclerotic lesions (no, single or dual lesion)
Methodological detailssingle-centre, multivariate ordinal logistic regression, subgroup analyses
- Single-centre
- Multivariate ordinal logistic regression
- Subgroup analyses
Main finding
More severe peripheral atherosclerosis
Odds ratio
1.76
95% CI 1.15–2.70
P = 0.009
Q4vs Q1
OR 1.76 (95% CI 1.15–2.70); P = 0.009
As reported in the abstract
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
| Outcome | P value |
|---|---|
| Subgroup: overweight (BMI≥24 kg/m²)Association stronger in overweight patients | P for interaction = 0.03 |
Prevalence of peripheral atherosclerosis by GRI quartile
- Prevalence of peripheral atherosclerosis from Q1 to Q4
- 86%-95%
- Higher GRI quartiles associated with poorer glycemic control and greater variability; TIR and HbA1c showed no similar trend
Original publication
Association between the glycemic risk index and peripheral atherosclerosis in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab. Published 11 July 2026. doi:10.
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