The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Menopause on Bone Mineral Density: A Longitudinal Study of Urban-Dwelling South African Women
Main finding · Total body BMD changeResult — go to the resultMean difference −0.013 g/cm² 95% CI −0.026 to −0.001Authors' conclusion
Menopause-related bone loss is greater in women with HIV, suggesting women with HIV may be at greater risk of osteoporotic fractures.
Study context
- Population
- Women aged 40–60 years residing in Soweto, South Africa; mean age 49.5 (SD 5.7) years
- Participants
- 450 women
- Exposure
- Women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vs without HIV
- HIVn = 65
- Outcome
- Change in BMD during the menopausal transition and whether HIV modified the effect of menopause on BMD change
- Follow-up
- 5-year follow-up
Methodological details5-year follow-up
- 5-year follow-up
Main finding
Total body BMD change
Mean difference
−0.013 g/cm²
95% CI −0.026 to −0.001
P = 0.040
HIVvs Without HIV
mean difference −0.013 g/cm² (95% CI −0.026 to −0.001); P = 0.040
As reported in the abstract
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
| Outcome | HIV | Without HIV | Estimate | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TB BMD change with pre- to postmenopause transition (adjusted) | −0.092 (CI −0.042–-0.142) g/cm² | −0.038 (CI −0.016–-0.060) g/cm² | interaction p = 0.034 | |
| p | p = 0.001 | p = 0.001 | ||
| TB BMD change in women postmenopausal at both time points | −0.070 (CI −0.031–-0.108) | −0.036 (CI −0.015–-0.057) | interaction p = 0.049 | |
| p | p = 0.001 | p = 0.001 | ||
| Weight change · 5-year follow-upMore weight gain with HIV | 1.96 kg (CI 0.32–3.60) | P = 0.019 |
- Total body (TB) bone mineral density (BMD) change with pre- to postmenopause transition (adjusted): adjusted for age, baseline weight, weight change, follow-up time
Lumbar spine and total hip BMD
- Findings were consistent but weaker at the lumbar spine (LS) and total hip (TH)
TH or LS T-score ≤ −2.5 in women ≥50 years at baseline
- Women ≥50 years with T-score ≤ −2.5
- 34/205 (13.6%)
Original publication
The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Menopause on Bone Mineral Density: A Longitudinal Study of Urban-Dwelling South African Women. J Bone Miner Res. Published 1 February 2023. doi:10.
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