Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence: Epidemiology and Financial Implications

Authors' conclusion

A non-systematic targeted literature review was conducted using PubMed and institutional sources such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). Two independent reviewers screened and extracted relevant data, which were categorized into three domains: epidemiology (prevalence and trends), socioeconomic determinants (income, education, ethnicity, and family factors), and economic impact (direct, indirect, and intangible costs). Findings show that childhood obesity prevalence has been rising globally, with higher rates observed in high-income countries. Socioeconomic disparities play a crucial role, with lower-income families and certain ethnic groups experiencing higher obesity rates. Direct costs include increased medical expenses due to obesity-related comorbidities, while indirect costs result from productivity losses and long-term healthcare needs. Intangible costs, such as psychological distress and reduced quality of life, further highlight the burden of childhood obesity. Economic evaluations indicate that childhood obesity leads to substantial healthcare expenditures and productivity losses over a lifetime, emphasizing the need for early intervention.